213 - A61 - Gram-Schmidt -- Sage

# Do this first cell in worksheet in Octave mode # If copying to the sagecell, then \n needs to be changed to \\n

A = floor(rand(4,4)*10)-5; det(A) # A =[0 2 2 -1; -2 -1 -5 1; 2 -1 2 4; 2 3 -5 1]; # Comment this out if you want to get another random matrix. Just check to see that det(a) is nonzero v1 = A(:,1); v2 = A(:,2); v3 = A(:,3); v4 = A(:,4); disp("Here are the original vectors") V = [v1 v2 v3 v4]; printf ("% 4.0f % 4.0f % 4.0f % 4.0f \n", V'); disp("Now apply Gram-Schmidt") u1 = v1; u2 = v2 - (v2'*u1)/(u1'*u1)*u1; u3 = v3 - (v3'*u1)/(u1'*u1)*u1 - (v3'*u2)/(u2'*u2)*u2; u4 = v4 - (v4'*u1)/(u1'*u1)*u1 - (v4'*u2)/(u2'*u2)*u2 - (v4'*u3)/(u3'*u3)*u3; Q = [u1 u2 u3 u4]; printf ("% 5.3f % 5.3f % 5.3f % 5.3f \n", Q'); # if desired, make the vectors all unit vectors too for orthonormal disp(" and after making vectors all unit vectors...") Q = [u1/norm(u1) u2/norm(u2) u3/norm(u3) u4/norm(u4)]; printf ("% 5.3f % 5.3f % 5.3f % 5.3f \n", Q'); disp(' ') disp(' Check for orthogonality') printf ("u1 with u2: % 9.8f \n",u1'*u2) printf ("u1 with u3: % 9.8f \n",u1'*u3) printf ("u1 with u4: % 9.8f \n",u1'*u4) printf ("u2 with u3: % 9.8f \n",u2'*u3) printf ("u2 with u4: % 9.8f \n",u2'*u4) printf ("u3 with u4: % 9.8f \n",u3'*u4)

ans = -113
Here are the original vectors
  -4   -3   -3    2 
   4   -4    1   -4 
   1    1   -2    0 
   2   -4   -1   -1 
Now apply Gram-Schmidt
-4.000 -4.189 -0.560 -0.288 
 4.000 -2.811  0.470 -0.604 
 1.000  1.297 -2.678 -0.249 
 2.000 -3.405 -0.719  0.757 
 and after making vectors all unit vectors...
-0.658 -0.673 -0.195 -0.276 
 0.658 -0.452  0.164 -0.580 
 0.164  0.208 -0.934 -0.239 
 0.329 -0.547 -0.251  0.728 
 
 Check for orthogonality
u1 with u2:  0.00000000 
u1 with u3: -0.00000000 
u1 with u4:  0.00000000 
u2 with u3: -0.00000000 
u2 with u4:  0.00000000 
u3 with u4: -0.00000000

ans = -113
Here are the original vectors
  -4   -3   -3    2 
   4   -4    1   -4 
   1    1   -2    0 
   2   -4   -1   -1 
Now apply Gram-Schmidt
-4.000 -4.189 -0.560 -0.288 
 4.000 -2.811  0.470 -0.604 
 1.000  1.297 -2.678 -0.249 
 2.000 -3.405 -0.719  0.757 
 and after making vectors all unit vectors...
-0.658 -0.673 -0.195 -0.276 
 0.658 -0.452  0.164 -0.580 
 0.164  0.208 -0.934 -0.239 
 0.329 -0.547 -0.251  0.728 
 
 Check for orthogonality
u1 with u2:  0.00000000 
u1 with u3: -0.00000000 
u1 with u4:  0.00000000 
u2 with u3: -0.00000000 
u2 with u4:  0.00000000 
u3 with u4: -0.00000000

# Notice, this also give us the A = QR factorization format short R = Q'*A Q*R - A

R =

   6.0828e+00  -1.8084e+00   1.9728e+00  -4.2744e+00
   4.4409e-16   6.2233e+00   1.6981e+00   1.0075e+00
  -4.4409e-16  -2.2204e-16   2.8679e+00  -7.9447e-01
   1.1102e-15   1.3323e-15   3.3307e-16   1.0409e+00

ans =

   0.0000e+00  -4.4409e-16  -4.4409e-16   0.0000e+00
  -4.4409e-16  -8.8818e-16  -4.4409e-16   0.0000e+00
   2.2204e-16  -1.1102e-16   2.2204e-16   0.0000e+00
   8.8818e-16   8.8818e-16   3.3307e-16   0.0000e+00

R =

   6.0828e+00  -1.8084e+00   1.9728e+00  -4.2744e+00
   4.4409e-16   6.2233e+00   1.6981e+00   1.0075e+00
  -4.4409e-16  -2.2204e-16   2.8679e+00  -7.9447e-01
   1.1102e-15   1.3323e-15   3.3307e-16   1.0409e+00

ans =

   0.0000e+00  -4.4409e-16  -4.4409e-16   0.0000e+00
  -4.4409e-16  -8.8818e-16  -4.4409e-16   0.0000e+00
   2.2204e-16  -1.1102e-16   2.2204e-16   0.0000e+00
   8.8818e-16   8.8818e-16   3.3307e-16   0.0000e+00

# Let's do it in 3D in Sage mode # a = random_matrix(QQ,3,3)] @interact def _(show_orthogonals = checkbox(default=false)): a = matrix(QQ,[[1,-1,0],[-1,1/2,1],[0,-2,0]]) v1 =vector(QQ,[1,-1,1]) v2 =vector(QQ,[-1,1/2,-2]) v3 =vector(QQ,[0,1,0]) G = plot(v1,color='red',opacity=0.2,width=20)+plot(v2,color='blue',opacity=0.2)+plot(v3,color='orange',opacity=0.2) if show_orthogonals: u1 = v1 u2 = v2 - v2.inner_product(u1)/u1.inner_product(u1)*u1 u3 = v3 - v3.inner_product(u1)/u1.inner_product(u1)*u1 - v3.inner_product(u2)/u2.inner_product(u2)*u2 print(u1) print(u2) print(u3) G += plot(u1,color='red')+plot(u2,color='blue')+plot(u3,color='orange') G += plot(u1/norm(u1),color='black')+plot(u2/norm(u2),color='black')+plot(u3/norm(u3),color='black') G.show(spin=true)

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u1.inner_product(u2)

# Let's do it in 3D in Sage mode v1 =vector(QQbar,[1+I,-1,0]) v2 =vector(QQbar,[-1,1/2,-2-I]) v3 =vector(QQbar,[I,1,0]) u1 = v1 u2 = v2 - v2.inner_product(u1)/u1.inner_product(u1)*u1 u3 = v3 - v3.inner_product(u1)/u1.inner_product(u1)*u1 - v3.inner_product(u2)/u2.inner_product(u2)*u2 show(u1) show(u2) show(u3)

$\newcommand{\Bold}[1]{\mathbf{#1}}\left(i + 1,\,-1,\,0\right)$

$\newcommand{\Bold}[1]{\mathbf{#1}}\left(\frac{3}{10} i + \frac{1}{10},\,\frac{2}{5} i - \frac{1}{5},\,-i - 2\right)$

$\newcommand{\Bold}[1]{\mathbf{#1}}\left(-\frac{10}{461} i + \frac{480}{461},\,\frac{470}{461} i + \frac{490}{461},\,\frac{145}{461} i - \frac{45}{461}\right)$

u1.inner_product(u2)

# Here is another octave-only version of this in one cell A = [2 -3 5;1 4 0;-1 3 2;1 2 3] # Let's make the columns of A orthogonal to each other A1 = A(:,1); A2 = A(:,2); A3 = A(:,3); disp("First we check for existing orthogonality") A1'*A2 A1'*A3 A2'*A3 disp("Pick one to start") v1 = A1 disp("Then, remove the part of the second column that is parallel to v1") v2 = A2 - (A2'*v1)/(v1'*v1)*v1 disp("Now, remove the parts of the third column that are parallel to v1 and v2") v3 = A3 - (A3'*v1)/(v1'*v1)*v1 - (A3'*v2)/(v2'*v2)*v2 disp("And check for orthogonality of all three vectors") v1'*v2 v1'*v3 v2'*v3 disp("Finally, let's make all the vectors 'unit vectors'") v1 = v1/norm(v1) v2 = v2/norm(v2) v3 = v3/norm(v3) disp("And create a matrix of these three normalized and orthogonalized vectors that came from A") Q = [v1 v2 v3] disp("Notice that after this process, the 'A = QR' factorization can be obtained by Q'*A = R") format short R = Q'*A disp("And we can check our factorization") A - Q*R disp("Let's solve a system using Least Squares") b = [4;-2;-3;1] mat = [A b] rref(mat) ans =rref([A'*A A'*b]) x = ans(:,4) r = b- A*x norm(r)

WARNING: Output truncated!

full_output.txt




A =

   2  -3   5
   1   4   0
  -1   3   2
   1   2   3

First we check for existing orthogonality
ans = -3
ans =  11
ans = -3
Pick one to start
v1 =

   2
   1
  -1
   1

Then, remove the part of the second column that is parallel to v1
v2 =

  -2.1429
   4.4286
   2.5714
   2.4286

Now, remove the parts of the third column that are parallel to v1 and v2
v3 =

   1.9572
  -1.7782
   3.4514
   1.3152

And check for orthogonality of all three vectors
ans = 0
ans =    6.6613e-16
ans =    4.4409e-16
Finally, let's make all the vectors 'unit vectors'
v1 =

   0.75593
   0.37796
  -0.37796
   0.37796

v2 =

  -0.35365
   0.73088
   0.42438
   0.40081

v3 =

   0.43086
  -0.39146
   0.75979

...

  -0.37796   0.42438   0.75979
   0.37796   0.40081   0.28953

Notice that after this process, the 'A = QR' factorization can be
obtained by Q'*A = R
R =

   2.64575  -1.13389   4.15761
   0.00000   6.05923   0.28292
   0.00000  -0.00000   4.54249

And we can check our factorization
ans =

   0.0000e+00   0.0000e+00   0.0000e+00
   0.0000e+00  -1.7764e-15   4.4409e-16
  -1.1102e-16  -4.4409e-16  -8.8818e-16
   0.0000e+00  -4.4409e-16   0.0000e+00

Let's solve a system using Least Squares
b =

   4
  -2
  -3
   1

mat =

   2  -3   5   4
   1   4   0  -2
  -1   3   2  -3
   1   2   3   1

ans =

   1   0   0   0
   0   1   0   0
   0   0   1   0
   0   0   0   1

ans =

   1.00000   0.00000   0.00000   0.98246
   0.00000   1.00000   0.00000  -0.62399
   0.00000   0.00000   1.00000   0.11371

x =

   0.98246
  -0.62399
   0.11371

r =

  -0.40543
  -0.48652
  -0.37300
   0.92438

ans =  1.1810

WARNING: Output truncated!

full_output.txt




A =

   2  -3   5
   1   4   0
  -1   3   2
   1   2   3

First we check for existing orthogonality
ans = -3
ans =  11
ans = -3
Pick one to start
v1 =

   2
   1
  -1
   1

Then, remove the part of the second column that is parallel to v1
v2 =

  -2.1429
   4.4286
   2.5714
   2.4286

Now, remove the parts of the third column that are parallel to v1 and v2
v3 =

   1.9572
  -1.7782
   3.4514
   1.3152

And check for orthogonality of all three vectors
ans = 0
ans =    6.6613e-16
ans =    4.4409e-16
Finally, let's make all the vectors 'unit vectors'
v1 =

   0.75593
   0.37796
  -0.37796
   0.37796

v2 =

  -0.35365
   0.73088
   0.42438
   0.40081

v3 =

   0.43086
  -0.39146
   0.75979

...

  -0.37796   0.42438   0.75979
   0.37796   0.40081   0.28953

Notice that after this process, the 'A = QR' factorization can be obtained by Q'*A = R
R =

   2.64575  -1.13389   4.15761
   0.00000   6.05923   0.28292
   0.00000  -0.00000   4.54249

And we can check our factorization
ans =

   0.0000e+00   0.0000e+00   0.0000e+00
   0.0000e+00  -1.7764e-15   4.4409e-16
  -1.1102e-16  -4.4409e-16  -8.8818e-16
   0.0000e+00  -4.4409e-16   0.0000e+00

Let's solve a system using Least Squares
b =

   4
  -2
  -3
   1

mat =

   2  -3   5   4
   1   4   0  -2
  -1   3   2  -3
   1   2   3   1

ans =

   1   0   0   0
   0   1   0   0
   0   0   1   0
   0   0   0   1

ans =

   1.00000   0.00000   0.00000   0.98246
   0.00000   1.00000   0.00000  -0.62399
   0.00000   0.00000   1.00000   0.11371

x =

   0.98246
  -0.62399
   0.11371

r =

  -0.40543
  -0.48652
  -0.37300
   0.92438

ans =  1.1810

full_output.txt

213 - A61 - Gram-Schmidt

7 days ago by Professor213

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