# This cell takes a collection of vectors and determines a basis for the column space and a basis for the null space
# These don't graph well since they are in higher dimensions
# You can change these, add some, or take some out so long as they have consistent length and so that you fix the matrix A below accordingly
v1 = vector(QQ,[-1,4,5,8,0])
v2 = -5*v1
v3 = 3*v1-4*v2
v4 = vector(QQ,[2,0,-7,3,-3])
v5 = v3+v4
v6 = vector(QQ,[0,0,1,-1,1])
v7 = vector(QQ,[9,-2,0,4,0])
v8 = v1+v2+v3+v4+v5+v6+v7
v9 = vector(QQ,[1,1,1,1,1])
A = matrix(QQ,[v1,v2,v3,v4,v5,v6,v7,v8,v9]).transpose()
m = A.nrows()
n = A.ncols()
print(str(n)+' given vectors in R^'+str(m)+' collected into a matrix')
show(A)
# Now, do Gauss-Jordan to determine the pivot columns and therefore find the original vectors who form a basis for col(A)
Arref = A.echelon_form()
print('After Gauss-Jordan...')
show(Arref)
# ...or, just call the following Sage function to determine the column numbers (starting with 0) which have pivots in the above rref
pivs = A.pivots()
print('Notice that the pivot columns are the columns '+str(pivs))
Column_space_basis = A[ : , pivs]
print('Extracting the original vectors corresponding to these pivot columns provides a basis for the Column Space of A.')
show(Column_space_basis)
# Using the rank theorem, note that ncols(A) = dim(col(A))+dim(null(A))
rankA = len(pivs)
print('Therefore, the rank of the matrix A is '+str(rankA)+' which is the number of vectors in a basis for the column space of A.')
dimNull = n - rankA
print('Using the Rank Theorem, then the dimension of the nullspace of A must be '+str(dimNull))
print(" ")
# Now, create the nullspace basis elements from the rref form. To do so, we will need to know the non-pivot
# columns corresponding to free variables and let them be used to give all the other variables in the nullspace.
eye = identity_matrix(dimNull)
# First, we need a string of pointers to identify the non-pivot columns
notpivs = str('')
for k in range(n):
if not k in pivs:
notpivs = notpivs+str(k)
# and then convert the list of non-pivot pointers to a vector for program use later
nulls = vector(QQ,list(notpivs))
# Create the matrix of basis vectors for the nullspace of A by starting with a correctly-sized matrix of zeros
B = matrix.zero(QQ,n,dimNull)
# then set the free variables into their correct spots in the null space basis
for k in range(dimNull):
B[nulls[k]] = eye[k]
# and then take the free variable coefficients to the other side for the pivot variables
for k in range(rankA):
B[pivs[k]] = -Arref[k,tuple(nulls)]
print('The null space basic vectors resulting from doing Gauss-Jordan and taking non-pivots to the other side.')
show(B)
print('What you get if you do rref on that matrix')
Brref = B.transpose().echelon_form().transpose()
show(Brref)
# test = -5*Brref[:,0]+Brref[:,1]-Brref[:,2]+2*Brref[:,3] # making certain something is in the kernel
print('Alternatively, we can let Sage compute the kernel basis:')
Ker = A.right_kernel()
print(Ker)
print('and you will notice that this coorelates (transpose?) to what Sage returns above. Do these vectors simply refer to an alternate basis of size '+str(dimNull)+'?')
print(" ")
# Let's check to see if a few vectors are in the kernel of A
u1 = vector(QQ,[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9])
u2 = vector(QQ,[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0])
u3 = vector(QQ,[-23,0,0,-1,1,0,0,0,0])
u4 = vector(QQ,[-5,1,-1,2,75/2,79/4,79/4,-79/4,0])
u5 = vector(QQ,[4,0,0,-2,0,0,0,1,0])
print('Using the Sage built-in kernel function:')
print(str(u1)+' in Kernel? '+str(u1 in Ker))
print(str(u2)+' in Kernel? '+str(u2 in Ker))
print(str(u3)+' in Kernel? '+str(u3 in Ker))
print(str(u4)+' in Kernel? '+str(u4 in Ker))
print(str(u5)+' in Kernel? '+str(u5 in Ker))
# You can also check each of these by simply muliplying A*u to see if that is the zero vector
print(" ")
# Finally, check to see whether this final matrix does indeed describe the nullspace using the B above.
checkvec = u4
C = matrix.zero(QQ,dimNull+1,n)
C[0:dimNull] = B.transpose()
C[dimNull:dimNull+1] = [ checkvec ]
C = C.transpose()
print('You can also check if something is in the kernel (or nullspace of the column vectors) by augmenting the matrix of basis vectors with a vector of your choice and then seeing if things are consistent or not. If so, then that vector is in the nullspace. If not, then no.')
print('Here, the original augmented matrix is on the left and the reduced version is on the right.')
show([C,C.echelon_form()])
# and check to see whether the reduced B also works.
C = matrix.zero(QQ,dimNull+1,n)
C[0:dimNull] = Brref.transpose()
C[dimNull:dimNull+1] = [ checkvec ]
C = C.transpose()
print('and checking the same thing but using the "reduced basis vectors" obtained by doing Gauss-Jordan to the original nullspace basis vectors.')
show([C,C.echelon_form()])
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9 given vectors in R^5 collected into a matrix
After Gauss-Jordan...
Notice that the pivot columns are the columns (0, 3, 5, 6, 8)
Extracting the original vectors corresponding to these pivot columns
provides a basis for the Column Space of A.
Therefore, the rank of the matrix A is 5 which is the number of vectors
in a basis for the column space of A.
Using the Rank Theorem, then the dimension of the nullspace of A must be
4
The null space basic vectors resulting from doing Gauss-Jordan and
taking non-pivots to the other side.
What you get if you do rref on that matrix
Alternatively, we can let Sage compute the kernel basis:
Vector space of degree 9 and dimension 4 over Rational Field
Basis matrix:
[ 1 0 0 0 -1/2 -1/4 -1/4 1/4 0]
[ 0 1 0 0 5/2 5/4 5/4 -5/4 0]
[ 0 0 1 0 -23/2 -23/4 -23/4 23/4 0]
[ 0 0 0 1 21/2 23/4 23/4 -23/4 0]
and you will notice that this coorelates (transpose?) to what Sage
returns above. Do these vectors simply refer to an alternate basis of
size 4?
Using the Sage built-in kernel function:
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) in Kernel? False
(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0) in Kernel? True
(-23, 0, 0, -1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0) in Kernel? True
(-5, 1, -1, 2, 75/2, 79/4, 79/4, -79/4, 0) in Kernel? True
(4, 0, 0, -2, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0) in Kernel? False
You can also check if something is in the kernel (or nullspace of the
column vectors) by augmenting the matrix of basis vectors with a vector
of your choice and then seeing if things are consistent or not. If so,
then that vector is in the nullspace. If not, then no.
Here, the original augmented matrix is on the left and the reduced
version is on the right.
and checking the same thing but using the "reduced basis vectors"
obtained by doing Gauss-Jordan to the original nullspace basis vectors.
9 given vectors in R^5 collected into a matrix
After Gauss-Jordan...
Notice that the pivot columns are the columns (0, 3, 5, 6, 8)
Extracting the original vectors corresponding to these pivot columns provides a basis for the Column Space of A.
Therefore, the rank of the matrix A is 5 which is the number of vectors in a basis for the column space of A.
Using the Rank Theorem, then the dimension of the nullspace of A must be 4
The null space basic vectors resulting from doing Gauss-Jordan and taking non-pivots to the other side.
What you get if you do rref on that matrix
Alternatively, we can let Sage compute the kernel basis:
Vector space of degree 9 and dimension 4 over Rational Field
Basis matrix:
[ 1 0 0 0 -1/2 -1/4 -1/4 1/4 0]
[ 0 1 0 0 5/2 5/4 5/4 -5/4 0]
[ 0 0 1 0 -23/2 -23/4 -23/4 23/4 0]
[ 0 0 0 1 21/2 23/4 23/4 -23/4 0]
and you will notice that this coorelates (transpose?) to what Sage returns above. Do these vectors simply refer to an alternate basis of size 4?
Using the Sage built-in kernel function:
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) in Kernel? False
(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0) in Kernel? True
(-23, 0, 0, -1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0) in Kernel? True
(-5, 1, -1, 2, 75/2, 79/4, 79/4, -79/4, 0) in Kernel? True
(4, 0, 0, -2, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0) in Kernel? False
You can also check if something is in the kernel (or nullspace of the column vectors) by augmenting the matrix of basis vectors with a vector of your choice and then seeing if things are consistent or not. If so, then that vector is in the nullspace. If not, then no.
Here, the original augmented matrix is on the left and the reduced version is on the right.
and checking the same thing but using the "reduced basis vectors" obtained by doing Gauss-Jordan to the original nullspace basis vectors.
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